Absolute contraindications
Active or history of breast cancer (case-by-case). Active venous thromboembolism. Unexplained vaginal bleeding. Active liver disease with impaired function. Pregnancy (excluding postmenopause obviously).
Relative contraindications
Migraine with aura — prefer transdermal. Hypertension uncontrolled. Diabetes with vascular disease. History of DVT/PE (consider transdermal). Smoking — transdermal preferred.
Who benefits most
Severe vasomotor symptoms, premature menopause (POI), perimenopausal mood/cognitive symptoms, established osteoporosis risk.
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